Did James Roy and Anne Peddie marry?

 

Throughout my research across the broader family tree, I have found many occasions when the first child of a family (sometimes more than just the first child) is born before the parents marry. I have also found cases where the parents do not marry, and/or go on to marry other people. Therefore, I was interested to follow James Roy and Anne Peddie over the years subsequent to William I's birth to see what happened with them.

So, did they marry? The short answer is, no. Not to each other. 

Without any concrete evidence, I can only make guesses as to what their circumstances were. One of the possible scenarios is that James, a 21 year old farm labourer, did not have the economic capability to marry at that time - which would have required him to set up his own household. Maybe his own family didn't approve of Anne, or they didn't have the ability to support another family in their own household? Perhaps there was never an intention of a permanent relationship, and William was the result of a one-off encounter? Maybe James and Anne just didn't like each other enough to marry? Perhaps James was already committed to someone else? We will never know the details of their situation.

James' family were farmers at Glack, which was a small hamlet a few miles from what became the village of Bankfoot. The map below, from a slightly later era (1850s -1860s) shows the outlines of the buildings at Glack and nearby Balquharn and Gibbeston.1  Anne was nine years older than James, and had been working as a servant to John Fisher at Glack for 'a few years'.2  

Image reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland.

By the time she was called to the Kirk Session, Anne had left Glack and was living in Little Dunkeld. The most likely explanation is that she went back to her own family as she awaited the birth of her child. If that is the case, she would have been living at Ballinloan - another small hamlet, which is about 4.5 miles (7.25 km) in a straight line from Glack (see image below), but is separated by a range of hills.

Image reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland.

In most cases at that time, illegitimate children were raised by their mothers or the mother's family, so it is likely that Anne cared for William Roy I in Little Dunkeld for the first few years of his life, perhaps in the home of her parents and/or siblings. Indeed, Margaret Campbell, William's future wife, grew up in Meikle Logie which is less than a mile (1.5 kms) from Ballinloan, and the Campbell and Peddie families attended the same small church of Laganallachy, so perhaps William and Margaret were childhood friends.3 

We next see James Roy and Anne Peddie in the Old Parish Registers of  Auchtergaven and Little Dunkeld respectively. 

On February 17, 1815 in Auchtergaven:

James Roy of Bankfoot had a son by his wife, Jane Dow, born this day and baptized - named - James.4 

Although I cannot find a marriage register entry for James and Jane, we can surmise from the words 'his wife' that they had already married - nothing got past those parish clerks, they wouldn't have written wife unless she officially was. 

And in Little Dunkeld, when William Roy I was almost six years old, Anne married John Cowan:

January 6th 1817, John Cowan, Parish of Auchtergaven and Anne Peddie in this, one sabbath and no objections. 5

By following up both pairings through first the old parish records, and then the statutory registers, I have been able to establish that between the two marriages, William Roy I ended up having five half-brothers. (Note - spellings and versions of names vary between records (e.g. Anna/Ann/Anne, Cowan/Cowans and Jean/Jane).

Children of John Cowan(s) and Ann(e) Peddie (click to make larger)

Children of James Roy and Jean/Jane Dow (click to make larger)

There's still a lot of work to be done in following each of these branches, but my initial thoughts are that:

• William Cowans and Ann Fenwick ended up in Glasgow, very near to where William Roy II lived.6
• Is it possible that Peter Cowans married Grace Stewart and emigrated to Ontario in Canada where he was a farmer with multiple children and died there in 1881.7
• George Roy never married and died a pauper at Waterloo in Auchtergaven in 1893.8
• In the same year, George's brother James died in Perth. He had married Elisabeth Robertson and they had seven children, but four of them died between the ages of 9 and 22. The three others have not yet been traced.9

When William Roy I's father, James and stepmother, Jane both died in 1867, it was William who was the informant on both their death registrations - listed as 'son' and 'son-in-law' respectively, indicating that William had been close to his biological father and wife.10  I have not found details of John and Ann Cowans' deaths, but they are likely to have died between 1841 and 1851, as they appear in the 1841 census in Auchtergaven, but not in the 1851 anywhere in Scotland.

So, with the addition of these half-brothers to William Roy's family, the branches widen and it potentially adds relatives in Canada from the middle of the 19th century onwards. More to follow up in future posts!

Confused about where these characters fit into the family tree? Or where this action is occurring?  You can always check The Family Tree and Map pages for visual clues.

Footnotes

1. Ordnance Survey, One-inch to the mile maps of Scotland, 1st Edition - 1856-1891, Sheets 47 & 48, National Library of Scotland
2. Auchtergaven kirk session, Minutes (1808-1855) and Proclamations (1855-1861), Session 15th, 24 March 1811, National Records of Scotland, CH2/22/2, Images 00007 and 00009.

3. Baptism of Margaret Campbell, born 29 March, Old Parish Registers Births 373/ 10 Little Dunkeld, p.316; Alison Mitchell (ed), North Perthshire Monumental Inscriptions, Vol.2, p.211.

4. Baptism of James Roy, born 17 February 1815, Old Parish Registers Births 330/10 Auchtergaven, p.199.

5. Marriage register entry of John Cowan and Anne Peddie, married 6 January 1817, Old Parish Registers Marriages 373/10 Little Dunkeld, p. 435.

6. Census record for William Cowans, aged 56, 177 Main Street, Barony, Glasgow, Scotland, 1881 Scotland Census, National Records of Scotland, scotlandspeople.gov.uk.

7.  This individual on the familysearch.org tree appears to match the details of Peter - however further research is required to substantiate this: https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/GM5B-PVV, accessed 22 February 2022.

8. Death registration of George Roy, died 11 June 1893 in Auchtergaven, Perthshire, National Records of Scotland, scotlandspeople.gov.uk.

9. Death registration of James Roy, died 25 September 1893 in Perth, Perthshire, National Records of Scotland, scotlandspeople.gov.uk; Auchtergaven Graveyard Inscriptions, West Stormont Historical Society, 2008, entry no.105, https://bankfootchurchdotorg.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/auchtergaven-memorial-inscriptions.pdf, accessed 22 February 2022. 

10. Death registration of Jane Roy, died 11 January 1867 in Auchtergaven, Perthshire, National Records of Scotland, scotlandspeople.gov.uk; Death registration of James Roy, died 30 April 1867 in Auchtergaven, Perthshire, National Records of Scotland, scotlandspeople.gov.uk.

Kirk session discipline

We know that both James Roy and Ann Peddie (and Ann's mother) appeared before the Auchtergaven Kirk Session in relation to their charge of fornication, but what were the implications of this for them? 

In both James and Ann's case, the kirk session record says that they were 'suitably rebuked by the Minister' and then 'absolved from the scandal of it'. There is no mention of any public rebuking, so I suspect that the rebuke (i.e. telling off or reprimand) was just done in the session house by the Minister and then announced publicly afterwards from the pulpit.  

This wasn't always the case, however. In earlier days, public rebuke was often the standard, with offenders having to appear before the congregation to confess, or being made to sit on 'the repentance stool' or 'the pillar' - the names given to the place within or outside the church where guilty parties had to stand or sit during a Sunday service (often three times for a first offence) to be publicly shamed before the congregation.1 

Even earlier, traditions such as the wearing of sackcloth, shaving of heads and  'jougs' were often used - 'jougs' was an iron ring or collar 'fastened to a church door, a tree in a churchyard, the post of a church gate, a market cross, or a market tron, or weighing post' and fastened around the neck of the culprit, designed to publicly shame the offender. 2

But it seems like James and Ann were absolved with just a private rebuke. 

However, that wasn't the end of the story. A check of the Auchtergaven Parish Accounts for 1811 shows that on May 12, 1811, a fine of 10 shillings was collected from 'a person guilty of fornication'.3

Auchtergaven kirk session, Accounts (1790-1827), CH2/22/4, Image No. 72.

This is the same day that James appeared before the kirk sessions, so it is likely that this fine was imposed on him. There is no similar entry on the day that Ann appeared, so I'm assuming that only James was fined. 

Looking back through previous years' accounts for the parish, 10 shillings was about an average amount to be fined for fornication. In 1805, there were instances of offenders being fined 1 pound each. The charge of ante-nuptial fornication (i.e. the offenders were found out after their marriage because their child was born within nine months4) seemed to attract a lesser fine. Some of those instances I found ranged from 2 to 5 shillings. 

Fines like these could be considered a form of tax - as the money went straight into the kirk funds which were then used to support the poor of the parish - often single mothers with illegitimate children. To put James' 10 shillings fine amount into perspective,  the collection from the entire congregation that  Sunday was only just over 11 shillings and on the payments page of the accounts, payments were made to the poor during May of between 3 to 8 shillings each. Indeed, the 1798 Statistical Account of Auchtergaven reported that, 'there are generally 6 or 8 paupers upon the list, who receive from 5s. to 10 s. per month, according to their necessities.  So the fine paid by James was sufficient to support one pauper for a month.5

What happened with James and Ann next? Did they eventually marry? Where was William Roy I raised, and who supported him? More questions to be explored in future posts! 

Confused about where these characters fit into the family tree? Or where this action is occurring?  You can always check The Family Tree and Map pages for visual clues.

Footnotes

1. Andrew Edgar, Old Church Life in Scotland: Lectures on Kirk-session and Presbytery Records, Alexander Gardener, Paisley & London, 1885, p.285.

2. William Andrews, Bygone Punishments, William Andrews, London, 1899, p.176,  https://electricscotland.com/history/02BygonePunishmentsScotland.pdf, accessed 12 February 2022. 

3. Auchtergaven kirk session, Accounts (1790-1827), CH2/22/4, Image No. 72.

4. Leah Leneman and Rosalind Mitchison, 'Girls in Trouble: The Social and Geographical Setting of Illegitimacy in Early Modern Scotland', Journal of Social History, Spring, 1988, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 483-497

5. Sir John Sinclair, The Statistical Account of Scotland, Auchtergaven, Perth, Vol. 17, Edinburgh: William Creech,  p. 551. University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow. (1999) The Statistical Accounts of Scotland online service: https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk:443/link/osa-vol17-p551-parish-perth-auchtergaven, accessed 12 February 2022.